Beamish go with Holdstock

(Main Photo: John Reynolds – photo: Iain Lawrie)

As part of the 50th anniversary of the Beamish Suzuki brand, the Beamish Owners Club have been planning a once only event, to celebrate the establishment of the brand.

The club have just announced that they are teaming up with the organisers of the Golden Valley Classic Trials’ Gerry Holdstock Two-Day trial on July 5/6th 2025.

The event is taking place at Cowcombe near Chalford.

Chris Sutton (325 Beamish Suzuki) on Altnafeadh with the Buachalle Etive Mor in the background – Photo: Iain Lawrie

Full details of the event are viewable by follwing this link: https://www.gvcmcc.club/gerry-holdstock-trial/

If you are interested in Beamish Suzuki machines, then why not consider joining the owners club, full details by following this link to the official website: https://www.beamishownersclub.com/

Chris Sutton in a spot of bother on his Beamish Suzuki – Photo: Mike Rapley

Trials Guru is Registered!

The now well known ‘Trials Guru’ logo, which has been in existence for ten years, is now a Registered UK Trade Mark with the Intellectual Property Office of the UK Government.

The registration process completed on 28th March 2025.

This means that the ‘TG’ logo shown below, and it’s design, must not be used in any publications, periodicals, advertisements, written material including articles, clothing or accessories of any manufacture, items of event or any other promotion or graphic designs without the prior written permission of the Intellectual Property Owner, which is John Moffat who operates this website, Trials Guru.

Whilst Trials Guru is not a profit making entity, the trade mark logo is now protected by UK law, thus protecting the brand, and will result in legal action if used without the owners’ written permission. The website remains unchanged in that it will continue to be free to view.

This logo is the Registered Trade Mark of John Moffat / Trials Guru. Unauthorised use of which, may result in legal action.

Keith Lee chats to Mike Naish

Mike Naish: “I wish to introduce you to the ACU Southern Centre Rights of Way Officer and Grass Track Steward, Keith Lee”.

Keith Lee on a Bultaco Sherpa at the Dartmouth Trial in 1972

Mike Naish: Where do you originate from Keith ?

Keith Lee: “Well, I was born in Okehampton where my father was a Police Officer. It was a sporting family and I readily took to all sports but excelled in Boxing, Tennis and Squash to County level.”

“I had about one hundred fights at middleweight including contests in the RAF, and won the South West Championship in Devon and also for the RAF in the Inter Services contests. I played tennis to county level and on one memorable occasion I actually beat the Wimbledon champion, Virginia Wade. I had been picked to carry the Olympic Torch during the Olympics held in Britain in 1948. I ran from Kingskerswell to Torbay carrying the Olympic flame for the opening of the sailing. It was there that I met Virginia and we had a game of tennis in which I beat her. I have to say she thrashed me the next day on a return bout!

Rider is unknown but watching in helmets are Vic Ashford, Graham Baker and Keith Lee – Photo: Mike Rapley

MN: What was your first Motorcycle and your first Trial ?

KL: “I was stationed in Plymouth during my time in the RAF, I was on the maintenance of Sunderland flying boats. I went to Greens of Plymouth and bought an ex-WD 350cc Royal Enfield side valve with a box sidecar. I paid £10 for it. With Eddy Haines and Bill Pemberton we went practising with it, in solo form, up on Dartmoor. At this time I was teaching in Okehampton. Of course in those days there was nothing to stop you riding over the moors.

My first Trials bike was a 1954 round frame, 197cc DOT with the heavy Earls front forks and swinging arm suspension. I bought it from Kings of Oxford. I took it from Okehampton on the outfit to an Exmouth Trial on Woodbury Common in the mid 50s. The trial started at the Half Way House as I remember. Everybody laughed at me for having a swinging arm and said I would never get any grip, so after the event I took off the back end and grafted on the rear end of a grass track bike to make it a rigid. Then I sold the DOT after putting the swinging arm back and moved to a 197 DMW. I won my first award on it at the Mortonhampsted Trial in April 1956.

Sometimes I did not use the outfit for transport and after one Otter Vale Trial at the Hare and Hounds I clipped on a pair of cycle lights to ride home in the dark.”

MN: What bikes did you have after that?

KL: “In the early sixties we had moved to Exmouth and I bought a twin cylinder Triumph which I put into a Cotton frame and trialled successfully. I had done an apprenticeship as an undertaker and had learnt about coffin making, following this I started up a building firm, it was then in 1965 that I bought a Triumph Tiger Cub. At that time Sammy Miller was riding a Bultaco and I quickly realised that the Bulto was the bike to have. I had three or four in the 1970s moving from the 250 up to the 325. I liked to buy them in a crate so that I could build them up myself. If you bought them unassembled you did not have to pay Purchase Tax.

Keith Lee on his 325 Bultaco in the West of England trial in 1975.

I rode in all the nationals of the time and one day I saw Nick Jefferies with a Honda 250 based on the XL Model. I tried it out and knew I had to have one so I got a Honda XL and converted it for trials. I loved that bike it really suited me. I had an early glassfibre tank from an Ossa which saved a lot of weight compared with the steel tank. I nearly won the Greybeards from Sammy one Year. The ‘Devonshire Dumplings’ all rode as a team that year. That was Brian Trott, John Born and Ivan Pridham and myself. On that occasion Sam beat me by one mark but only because he rode a muddy slot section twice on the first lap when it was easier.”

MN: When did you become a Steward?

KL: “In the mid 1970’s I was asked by Walter Baker and Jim Courtney if I would like to become a steward at competition events. I followed them to all events, scrambles, grass track and trials, so that I could become proficient in all disciplines. They were good teachers. I still am a grass track steward at the age of nearly 75.”

MN: What do you consider to be your biggest achievement ?

KL: “I had joined the ACTT, the Association of Classic Trials Cars which ran classic Long distance Trials for both cand bikes mainly in North Devon. I had a Norton Wasp outfit. which I had bought as a Rhind Tutt manufactured scrambles outfit with a Norton Wasp 900cc plus engine. I converted it to trials, and with my passenger Paul Collins in the 1990s we won numerous awards and the ACTT Championship  three years running. We also did some enduros on it and of course the Exeter trial.”

Exeter Trial action with Keith Lee piloting the Wasp outfit.

MN: And what for the future?

KL: “I gave up competing when the ‘BSE’ crises was on us. I sit on both the Dartmoor and Exmoor national parks committee to represent all motor groups. The problem with the new rights of way legislation is not going to go away and as a consequence I can see ever increasing problems in using Green Lanes, RUPPS, BOATS, Rights of Way etc which nearly all are becoming reclassified as no-go areas for all vehicular traffic. Of course it has not helped when all the unauthorised practising went on. Take ‘Simms Hill’ for example. We used to use it years ago about three times a year. We informed the local parish council and residents of the dates and times and we gave donations to help the Ilsington Church Roof fund. That was fine, but nowadays you get trail bikes practising every Sunday up and down, up and down and of course the village has changed, with people coming in from outside the area to retire and they just do not want the noise and inconvenience every weekend.

I will carry on for the time being and keep everyone informed through the Gazette as and when there are any significant changes.”

Thank you Keith for your time and I hope all goes well for you in the future. Mike Naish

More Mike Naish interviews HERE

Apart from ‘Fair Dealing’ for the purpose of private study, research, criticism or review as permitted under the Copyright, Design and Patents Act, 1988, no part of this article may be copied, reproduced, stored in any form of retrieval system, electronic or otherwise or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, electrical, mechanical, optical, chemical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior written permission of the author as stated above. This article is not being published for any monetary reward or monetisation, be that online or in print.

Getting Stickered!

As well as sending our Trials Guru ‘VIP’ caps across the globe, we have also been sending out some of our new style Trials Guru stickers (or decals if you prefer!)

Here we have two Vintage Trial, enthusiasts from Kansas in the USA, proudly displaying their decals with their Yamahas.

Jake Wright

Steve Nutsch

Trials Guru – DEDICATED TO TRIAL – Worldwide!

What’s New?

We are always up to something here at Trials Guru, even though we are linked to the past!

The Trials Guru VIP Club just keeps growing, even although the initial idea was to celebrate ten years of the website, it has continued a little longer.

Important announcement being made towards the end of March 2025, watch this space!

TRIALS GURU, the only trials website to create VIPs in the sport – DEDICATED TO TRIAL

Bernie goes Vintage!

Breaking News! 

Mount Wawasee Lodge, INDIANA U.S.A. – January 30th, 2025 

1979 FIM Trial World Champion, Bernie Schreiber is to host a VINTAGE training weekend in Indiana.

AMERICA’S only World Trials Champion and Scottish Six Days Trial winner Bernie Schreiber will return once again to the USA in 2025 to conduct a two-day Vintage training weekend, exclusively reserved for pre-1984 twin-shock Vintage machines on 24/25 May.   

The event will be hosted by Michiana Trials Team in Indiana, a member club of MOTA. The Michigan Ontario Trials Association was created on February 19, 1967 in Detroit, Michigan. MOTA has a long history in American Trials hosting American National Championships and a World Championship in 1977.

2025 marks a special moment for Schreiber who started trials competition fifty-five years ago in California and still competes in Vintage events today. 1970 was the beginning of what later became a successful adventure overseas in the late 70’s and 80’s. This year is a celebration of 55 years of competing in a sport which originated in 1909.

A young Bernie Schreiber in 1973 – Photo: Len Weed

The ‘Ride Vintage’ training weekend revolves around the love of off-road twin-shock trials bikes together as a group of enthusiastic Vintage Trials enthusiasts. Schreiber, a trials coach has always believed that every off-road motorcycle rider can improve, and that real enjoyment is the challenge to be the best that you can be!

Schreiber’s wealth of overseas knowledge and experiences are priceless for Vintage club riders and his trials accomplishments recognized him as a FIM Trial Legend in 2022. The Champion’s insights on how he became the only American World Champion is a mental instruction that all in the sport need to experience.

For more information contact: Scott Alwine at: vintageweekend55@gmail.com

www.motatrials.com

Pre65 Scottish Trial GURU

Coming soon on Trials Guru, the history of an event that has been run in Scotland since 1984 – the Pre65 Scottish Trial on Trials Guru!

Barry Rogers (250 Royal Enfield) on Coalasnacoan at the Pre65 Scottish Trial – Photo: Colin Bullock

With the assistance of Trial Secretary, Mrs. Anne Gordon and the Pre65 Scottish Trial Committee, we bring you the history of an event that was created originally as a ‘Diversion’ midweek for the Scottish Six Days Trial!

Stig Karlsson won the 1999 Pre65 Scottish Trial on this Triumph – Photo: Eric Kitchen

We take this opportunity in thanking the Pre65 Scottish Trial committee and the organising Edinburgh & District Motor Club Ltd for the creation of this special page on Trials Guru.

VIP Trial Legends announced

In mid 2024, Trials Guru website began to distribute the now world famous ‘VIP’ red cap to people in the sport of trial. These were very well received and not available to purchase. In short the bright red ‘VIP‘ caps were a unique promotion, to celebrate the first ten years of this website!

The highly popular red Trials Guru ‘VIP’ cap has been shipped all over the world – Photo: René Opstals.

We also set up a special page on here for photos of those who were lucky enough to receive a cap, this also has gone viral online – The VIP Club, VIPs were created across the globe amongst trial enthusiasts.

Then we had commissioned ten white caps, individually numbered, called ‘VIP Trial Winners‘ and these were sent to selected individuals who had special merit.

The limited edition ‘VIP Winners’ cap, only ten ever made, each one individually numbered.

Now we are commencing sending out a light grey cap, called the ‘VIP – Trial Legends‘ specially commissioned and in very limited quantity.

The time is right to begin to announce these ‘VIP Trial Legends’ across the globe and through time, add them to the list on our ‘VIP Club‘.

Here is the list of Trials Guru – ‘Trial Legends’:

Jeff V. Smith MBE – Winner of the 1955 SSDT, holder of eight Gold ISDT medals and two times 1964-65 World Motocross Champion.

Jeff Smith on his factory BSA C15T (XOJ809) at the 1960 British Experts Trial – Photo: Mike Davies
Jeff Smith MBE and Irene Smith (nee Draper) – Photo: Chris Smith.

Arthur J. Lampkin – Born in Kent in 1938, but raised and resided in Silsden, Yorkshire since 1941, the eldest of the three Lampkin brothers who were at the top level of the Off-Road motorcycle sport from the 1950s to the 1980s. Arthur was a factory BSA and Cotton rider, Scottish Six Days Trial and Scott Trial winner and TV scrambles star. A.J. Lampkin was also a podium finisher in the European Motocross and World Motocross championships.

Arthur Lampkin on his ex-factory BSA Gold Star 500 on Loch Eild Path during the 1984 Pre-65 Scottish Trial – Photo: Colin Bullock/CJB Photographic

Dave Thorpe – Former Triumph, Ossa, Bultaco and Yamaha trials rider. Winner of the first round of the inaugural World Trials Championship in 1975.

Dave Thorpe on the 325 Bultaco – Photo: Mike Rapley

Jon Stoodley – From Muskogee, Oklahoma, USA, a life-long motorcycling enthusiast and trials rider. A clever engineer and engine builder and tuner.

325 Bultaco Sherpa mounted, Jon Stoodley at the British-America Cup trial around 1974

Toshiki ‘Toshi’ Nishiyama – From Tokyo, Japan. The first Japanese rider to compete in the SSDT (1971) former ISDT rider.

Toshi Nishiyama (Montesa Cota 247) on ‘Pipeline’ in the 1971 SSDT – Photo: Toshi Nishiyama, Japan Private Collection

Oriol Puig Bultó – Development rider, team manager, trials, motocross and enduro rider for Bultaco Motorcycles and FIM official.

Grenoble, 1965 – Oriol Puig Bulto on a Bultaco Sherpa with ‘Bambi’ Valera watching. Oriol was a nephew of Snr. Bulto, the Bultaco company founder. Photo: Cristina Valera Fandos Archive.

Pere Pi Parera – Spanish offroad motorcycle pioneer, motocross rider 1960-66 and development rider for Permanyer SA, on the Montesa Cota project from 1966-71. Father of top cycle trial rider Ot Pi.

Pedro Pi, puts his route card into his Barbour jacket, ready for the first day of the 1968 SSDT at Edinburgh’s Gorgie Market. – Photo: Bob May, Edinburgh

James Dabill – Junior World Trials Champion in 2005 and the European Champion in 2006. His other achievements include winning the Scottish Six Days Trial three times and the Scott Trial four times. He has been the British Trials Champion eight times.

James Dabill (Vertigo) – FIM TRIAL 2016 Cal Rosal, Spain – Photo: Mario Candellone

Nigel Birkett – Well known in the trials world, from Cumbria in North West England, he was a former Suzuki, Montesa, Kawasaki, Fantic and Yamaha development rider, who also rode an Ossa in 1974. He is the current importer of Scorpa motorcycles at his Broughton-In-Furness base.

Nigel Birkett (Fantic) on Mamore in the 1981 SSDT – Photo: Iain Lawrie, Kinlochleven

Nick Jefferies – Of the world famous Jefferies dynasty of Allan, Tony and David, Nick was a great all rounder, one minute racing a full factory Honda GP machine or on their factory trials RTLs. Nick Jefferies was capable of winning a trial or the TT or the Manx GP. He is of course a TRIALS GURU – Trial Legend!

Nick Jefferies aboard the factory RTL Honda at the 1977 SSDT – Photo: Iain Lawrie

From the world of sidecar trials, but also an accomplished solo rider, Adrian Clarke from Sheffield is a Trials Guru – Trial Legend! (Photo: Mike Rapley)

A classic shot of Adrian Clarke with passenger, Mick Bailey – a star turn on their Montesa/BKS outfit – Photo: Mike Rapley

Mick Wilkinson – Former James, Greeves and Ossa rider, sidecar driver and ISDT Trophy Team member from Kettlewell, Upper Wharfedale, Yorkshire is a Trials Guru – Trial Legend.

Mick Wilkinson on the 250cc Ossa at the 1973 Inter-Centre Team Trial at Rochdale. Photo: Barry Robinson

Bill Wilkinson – The last man to win the Scottish Six Days Trial on a British built machine, Greeves, 1969 – Former Greeves and Ossa works rider who won the British Experts and Scott Trials, Bill is a Trials Guru – Trial Legend.

Bill Wilkinson turns on the style on the Greeves Anglian (WWC169F) that took him to his SSDT win in 1969 – Photo: Barry Robinson

Rob Shepherd – Former Montesa and Honda factory rider, who was British Champion, four top ten positions in the World Trials Championships and a Scott Trial winner, this Yorkshire farmer is indeed a Trials Guru – Trial Legend.

Rob Shepherd (Honda 306) at the 1978 SSDT – Photo: Glenn Carney

Richard Sunter, former Kawasaki and Montesa rider from Healaugh, North Yorkshire is a Trials Guru – Trial Legend. Sunter was one of those riders who competed with the very best of that era, which included the Lampkins, Rathmell, Hemingway, Edwards, Andrews, Shepherd and just about anyone else who made up the who’s who of trials in the days when British riders were the force to be reckoned with in European and then World class events.

Richard Sunter aboard the works Kawasaki in a typical Yorkshire Centre event – Photo: Barry Robinson

Christian Rayer – French National Trials Champion, Montesa and Yamaha development rider is a Trials Guru – Trial Legend.

Christian Rayer (Montesa) at the 1968 Scottish Six Days Trial

More ‘Trial Legends’ to be announced shortly!

Richie is a Trials Guru VIP

Richie Collins from Corpach, Fort William has been a superfan of the annual Scottish Six Days Trial. He is also a keen runner with Lochaber AC, so he is a fit lad. Richie has had Cerebral Palsy since birth, but that doesn’t stop him going to see his favourite, local sections every year! His Dad, Alan usually helps to get him to the sections.

Richie Collins is an SSDT Superenthusiast, he never misses the annual event on his Corpach, Fort William doorstep. Richie is a Trials Guru VIP!

Richie is also a keen runner and has taken part in many races with Lochaber Athletics Club as a para-athlete, in fact an athletics career that has covered four decades. He has represented Great Britain at two Paralympic Games and two World Championships, winning five medals, and held the World Record in both the 800m and 1500m for his classification, so he is no slouch.

Richie Collins taking part in a running competition with Lochaber Athletics Club. (Photo courtesy of John O’Neill)

Keep an eye out for Richie at the Scottish Six Days as he is always in the crowd, keeping a watchful eye on the performances, but now he will be proudly wearing his Trials Guru VIP cap!

See you at the ‘Scottish’ Richie!

Bill Hewitt by Mike Naish

Words: Mike Naish & Bill Hewitt

Photos: Ken Haydon; Mike Naish

The South West Classic Trials Association (SWCTA) was set up in 1983 when Pre65 trials were in the ascendancy. Its aim was to promote and assist in providing an ‘umbrella’ of knowledge and support to lay out suitable sections for the older bikes in local club trials. As a result the Classic scene in the South West areas of Devon and Somerset flourished and entries for local trials increased. As reported in the press at the time, the organisation of the Exmoor Classic Trial was the closest thing to a holiday in the highlands available for the older bikes. Centred around the holiday resort of Minehead, it meant the Dad could disappear off to Exmoor with his trials bike whilst the family made the most of a seaside break in an area with plenty to offer. During the three days of the event, there was a full programme of social evenings where riders, friends and organisers could get together for a noggin and a natter. The first SWCTA secretary was Neil Arnold who campaigned on a 250 Royal Enfield with chairman Bob Davis, an AJS enthusiast. Bob owned a restaurant in Minehead and as chairman kept them all in order.  With Colin Stoneman and Mike Palfrey and many of the current Pre65 riders they established a flourishing club. Many clubs up and down the country noticed the interest and copied the format and some two or three years later the Dartmoor Classic Trial was born. One of the enthusiasts who also ran the Exmoor for many years was Bill Hewitt from Stoke Canon near Exeter.

Bill Hewitt on his 197cc DOT

Bill was born in Flintshire in 1931 and moved to Exeter when he was four years of age when his father secured a job as employment officer for Exeter City Council. He was educated at the Exeter Technical School and after leaving got a job with Autoparts down by the Haven Banks and the river in Exeter. Bill’s career started back shortly after the war when he rode a 350 MAC Velocette in his first trial late in the 1940s before he was called up in 1952 and served his time in the Airforce with 6th Flight, Y squadron. He did his training at Melksham and then two years as a mechanic at Dunkerswell, in all doing three years in RAF Transport. Bill managed to ride in at least one event at Broadhembury, on a 2H Triumph loaned from Ron Edwards of Cullompton, when in the RAF. Upon his demob it was Bill Boyce, from nearby Rewe, who enthused Bill to take up trials. Bill Boyce scrambled his ‘Mabsa’ in the summer along with Maurie and Reg Squires and kept fit in the winter by riding trials. His enthusiasm rubbed off on the newly married Bill Hewitt and he acquired a 197 DOT, and after a year or two he graduated to a BSA Bantam, a marque that he rode most of his life.

Bill Hewitt with yet another BSA Bantam for trials use.

Bill was ever the enthusiast and spent a lot of his spare time modifying and fettling his bikes during the evenings and weekends, and the logo on his bike reflected some of his thoughts as it read: ‘BSA – Made in England-Ruined in Stoke Canon’.

Bill also keeping fit with line dancing with his wife at the local village halls where he got quite a reputation.  In fact Bill, according to a photograph in Derek Wylde’s column in TMX News, was ‘A dab hand on the dance floor and a dab foot in the stream’. The dab in the stream was somewhat of a feature of Bill’s riding as he is the first to admit, although he reflects that many a time he finished up underneath his bike. Never deterred he would always get up and with a friendly curse to the bike and section and then would carry on.

Bill Hewitt negotiates ‘Diamond Lane’ in the West of England Trial on his DOT.

Bill was one of those unsung heroes, the clubman who was never going to be a consistent winner but who enjoyed his trials, and importantly put effort back into the sport by marking out events for his club, the Crediton Motorcycle Club. Later on when the South West Classic Club was formed Bill took over as entries secretary of the Exmoor Classic Three Day Trial at Easter, an event now coming up to its thirtieth Year, whilst also setting out the final days sections at Oakford near Tiverton. Bill represented the South Western Centre in Pre65 trials when teams would be formed to ride against the Wessex Centre. Together with Brian Trott, Ivan Pridham, Paul and Steve Hodder, Mike Palfrey, Dougie Williams, Vic Burgoyne and others, a good weekend’s needle match was always held in the Mendips and Bill very often would shine with a good ride on the limestone outcrops.

Bill Hewitt in an Otter Vale trial.

I first met Bill early in the early 1960’s when he sold me an ex-Brian Slee 250 BSA. If I thought that Brian’s expertise was going to rub off on me I was to be disappointed, but it gave me a lifelong friendship with Bill that lasts to this day. Moving to Bristol where I worked at Rolls Royce, we would always call in to see him wherever he was working with Devon County Council. We might practice at the sewer works at Stoke Canon or call in to the council yard in Exmouth with the kids to renew times. One year on the way to Cornwall for a week the car expired just outside Exeter. I gave Bill a call and immediately he gave me his car to continue our journey and he repaired our car during the week for us to pick up on the way home. It was the nature of the man who would help you without a second thought.

Bill Hewitt riding a Honda in a South West Classic trial in Somerset.

After a few outings in the trail bike class, Bill finally gave up riding about ten years ago saying that ‘he had been cured’. Cured that is of the affliction that affects a great many of us, that is the affliction of being a trials rider. That patently is not true of Bill from the myriad of photos that adorn his walls to the piles of trials magazines that he reads and the avid way he wants to know all about the trials scene and the riders that still come down to ride and enjoy both the classic Exmoor and Dartmoor trials in the Westcountry. Today at 81 unfortunately Bill is mostly confined to his bed and is on oxygen to assist his breathing, but he still has a strong spark for life with a twinkle in his eye, and enjoys a good laugh. Pat his wife of fifty-one years with their three girls still dote on him and administer his every whim, isn’t that right Bill? Of course there are and have been many others that have administered the comings and goings of events within the SWCTA and Bill Hewitt has just been one of them.

Finally during the run up to the millennium, Bill was honoured to be asked to erect a plaque onto the millennium stone donated to the village of Stoke Canon, and that sits on the village green. The plaque marks the importance of the stone and the turn of the century and the millennium and its impact on the village.  This he did for his local community, but Bill has his own thoughts on the usefulness of the monument for the village which he expresses in graphic Anglo Saxon terms. Yes Bill had not mellowed through the years but to my mind he was the salt of the earth and I am glad to be able to have called him a friend. –  Mike Naish November 2012.

‘Bill Hewitt by Mike Naish’ is the copyright of Trials Guru and Mike Naish.

More interviews with Mike Naish HERE

Apart from ‘Fair Dealing’ for the purpose of private study, research, criticism or review as permitted under the Copyright, Design and Patents Act, 1988, no part of this article may be copied, reproduced, stored in any form of retrieval system, electronic or otherwise or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, electrical, mechanical, optical, chemical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior written permission of the author as stated above. This article is not being published for any monetary reward or monetisation, be that online or in print.

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